ABSTRACT Endoscopy is a competitive field in clinical practice, in which skilled endoscopists are in high demand. The learning process for Junior Gastrointestinal Endoscopists (JGEs) is difficult, quite long, and technically demanding. This directs JGEs to seek additive learning sources, including online sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, context, attitudes, perceived benefits, drawbacks, and recommendations for using YouTube videos as an educational platform among JGEs from the uses'prespective. We disseminated a cross-sectional online questionnaire from January 15th to March 17th, 2022, and recruited 166 JGE from 39 different countries. The majority of surveyed JGEs (138, 85.2%) were already using YouTube as a learning tool. The majority of JGEs (97, 59.8%) reported gaining knowledge and applying it in their clinical practice, but 56 (34.6 %) reported gaining knowledge without application in real practice. Most participants (124, 76.5 %) reported missing procedure details in YouTube endoscopy videos. The majority of JGEs (110, 80.9%) reported that YouTube videos are provided by endoscopy specialists. Only one participant, 0.6% out of the 166 JGEs surveyed, disliked video records, including YouTube as a source of learning. Based on their experience, 106 (65.4%) of participants recommended YouTube as an educational tool for the coming generation of JGEs. We consider that YouTube represents a potentially useful tool for JGEs, supplying them with both knowledge and clinical practice tricks. However, many drawbacks could make the experience misleading and time-consuming. Consequently, we encourage educational providers on YouTube and other platforms to upload well-constructed, peer-reviewed, interactive educational endoscopy videos.

RESUMEN Antecedentes : La endoscopia es un campo competitivo en la práctica clínica en el que los endoscopistas calificados tienen una gran demanda. El proceso de aprendizaje para los endoscopistas gastrointestinales junior (JE) es difícil, bastante largo y técnicamente exigente. Esto dirige a los JE a buscar fuentes de aprendizaje adicionales, incluidas las fuentes en línea. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia, el contexto, las actitudes, los beneficios percibidos, los inconvenientes y las recomendaciones para el uso de videos de YouTube como una plataforma educativa entre los JE desde la perspectiva de los usuarios. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario transversal en línea difundido del 15 de enero al 17 de marzo de 2022 reclutó a 166 endoscopistas gastrointestinales junior de 39 países diferentes. Resultados : La mayoría de los JE encuestados (138, 85,2%) ya utilizaban YouTube como herramienta de aprendizaje. La mayoría de los JE (97, 59,8 %) refirieron adquirir conocimientos y aplicarlos en su práctica clínica, pero 56 (34,6 %) informaron adquirir conocimientos sin aplicación en la práctica real. La mayoría de los participantes (124, 76,5 %) informó que faltaban detalles del procedimiento en los videos de endoscopia de YouTube. La mayoría de los JE (110, 80,9%) informaron que los videos de YouTube son proporcionados por especialistas en endoscopia. Solo a un participante, el 0,6% de los 166 JE encuestados, le disgustaron los registros de video, incluyendo a YouTube como fuente de aprendizaje. Según su experiencia, 106 (65,4 %) de los participantes recomendaron YouTube como una herramienta educativa para la próxima generación de JE. Conclusión: YouTube representa una herramienta potencialmente útil para los EJ, brindándoles tanto conocimientos como trucos para la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, muchos inconvenientes podrían hacer que la experiencia sea engañosa y consuma mucho tiempo. En consecuencia, alentamos a los proveedores de educación en YouTube y otras plataformas a subir videos de endoscopia educativos interactivos, bien construidos y revisados por pares.

Resumen Antecedentes: Lotus arabicus L y Lotus glaber Mill. pertenecen a la familia de las fabáceas y crecen en estado silvestre en Egipto y tienen diferentes usos terapéuticos en la medicina popular. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el perfil fitoquímico y las propiedades antimicrobianas de los extractos metanólicos de dos especies de Lotus que crecen en Egipto, L. arabicus y L. glaber. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas para identificar los compuestos de los extractos de las dos especies de Lotus. Se realizó un ensayo colorimétrico MTT y el método de difusión en disco para investigar las actividades antiviral y antimicrobiana de las dos especies de Lotus, respectivamente. Resultados: Los extractos de n-hexano y metanol de L. arabicus contenían altos porcentajes de hidrocarburos alcanos, como el 5-metiloctadecano, mientras que L. glaber contenía dodecano. Los principales compuestos del extracto de metanol de L. arabicus eran el éster metílico del ácido hexadecanoico y el éster dodecanoico, 2,3-bis(acetiloxi)propilo. Los principales compuestos del extracto de metanol de L. glaber fueron el ácido palmítico y la lucenina 2. El alcaloide indólico ditaína sólo se encontró en L. arabicus. Este alcaloide fue identificado por primera vez en el género Lotus. Las propiedades antimicrobianas de los extractos de las dos especies de Lotus mostraron que el extracto n-hexano de ambas especies de Lotus puede tener una potencial actividad antifúngica contra Candida parapsilosis y Aspergillus flavus. Además, los extractos metanólicos de ambas especies de Lotus tienen una potencial actividad antiviral contra el virus coxsackie B, pero sólo el extracto de L. arabicus mostró actividad contra el virus de la hepatitis A. Conclusión: L. arabicus puede tener una potencial actividad antifúngica o antiviral mayor que L. glaber.

Abstract Background: Lotus arabicus L and Lotus glaber Mill. belong to the family Fabaceae, and they grow in the wild in Egypt and have different therapeutic uses in folk medicine. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extracts of two Lotus spp. growing in Egypt, L. arabicus and L. glaber. Material and methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the compounds of the extracts of two Lotus species. An MTT colorimetric assay and the disc diffusion method were performed to investigate the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of two lotus species, respectively. Results: The n-hexane and methanol extracts of L. arabicus contained high percentages of alkane hydrocarbons, such as 5-methyloctadecane, while L. glaber contained dodecane. The major compounds in the methanol extract of L. arabicus were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and dodecanoic acid,2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl ester. The major compounds in the methanol extract of L. glaber were palmitic acid and lucenin 2. The indole alkaloid ditaine was found only in L. arabicus. This alkaloid was identified for the first time in the genus Lotus. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts of the two Lotus species showed that the n-hexane extract of both Lotus species may have potential antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus flavus. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of both Lotus species have potential antiviral activity against the coxsackie B virus, but only the L. arabicus extract showed activity against the hepatitis A virus. Conclusion: Lotus arabicus might have potential antifungal or antiviral activity greater than L. glaber.

RESUMO Background: A fístula anal comumente acomete mais os homens que as mulheres. Algumas diferenças nas características da fístula anal entre ambos os sexos têm sido reconhecidas, embora o impacto dessas diferenças nos desfechos da cirurgia para fístula anal ainda seja incerto. O presente estudo realizou uma análise específica para sexo, com o objetivo de avaliar as características e os desfechos da cirurgia de fístula anal em cada sexo. Pacientes e métodos: Os prontuários de pacientes com fístula anal foram revisados retrospectivamente e as seguintes variáveis foram extraídas: dados demográficos dos pacientes, tipo de fístula anal, posição da abertura externa, cirurgia realizada, incidência de recidiva e complicações, particularmente incontinência fecal. Realizou-se uma análise baseada no sexo dos sujeitos e desfechos da cirurgia para fístula anal. Resultados: Foram incluídos 565 pacientes (491 do sexo masculino) com idade média de 41,7 anos. As mulheres apresentaram uma porcentagem significativamente mais alta de fístula anal baixa do que os homens (70,2% vs. 50,3%, p = 0,002). Os homens tiveram uma porcentagem significativamente maior de fístula anal transesfincteriana alta (48,5% vs. 29,7%; p = 0,003). A fístula anal anterior foi mais comum em pacientes do sexo feminino (69% vs. 16,3%; p < 0,0001). A recorrência de fístula anal foi detectada em 42 (7,4%) pacientes. Os homens apresentaram maior taxa de recorrência do que as mulheres (7,9% vs. 4%; p = 0,34). A incontinência fecal desenvolveu-se em 1,7% dos pacientes com maior incidência observada no sexo feminino (4% vs. 1,4%). Conclusão: A maioria das fístulas anais no sexo masculino foi posterior e transesfincteriana alta, enquanto a maioria das fístulas anais no sexo feminino foi baixa e anterior. Apesar das diferentes características da fístula anal, não foi possível registrar diferenças significativas nas taxas de recorrência de fístula e incontinência fecal entre homens e mulheres.

ABSTRACT Background: Fistula-in-ano commonly affects males more than females. Some differences in the characteristics of fistula-in-ano between both genders have been recognized, yet the impact of these differences on the outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano is still unclear. The present study conducted a gender-specific analysis aiming to assess the characteristics and the outcomes of surgery of fistula-in-ano in each gender. Patients and methods: The records of patients with fistula-in-ano were retrospectively reviewed and the following variables were extracted: patients' demographics, type of fistula-in-ano, position of the external opening, operation performed, incidence of recurrence and complications, particularly fecal incontinence. Gender-based analysis of the characters and outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano was performed. Results: 565 (491 males) patients of a mean age of 41.7 years were included. Females had a significantly higher percentage of low fistula-in-ano than males (70.2% vs. 50.3%, p = 0.002). Males had a significantly higher percentage of high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano (48.5% vs. 29.7%; p = 0.003). Anterior fistula-in-ano was more common in female patients (69% vs. 16.3%; p < 0.0001). Recurrence of fistula-in-ano was detected in 42 (7.4%) patients. Males had higher recurrence rate than females (7.9% vs. 4%; p = 0.34). Fecal incontinence developed in 1.7% of patients with higher incidence observed in females (4% vs. 1.4%). Conclusion: The majority of fistula-in-ano in males were posterior and high trans-sphincteric whereas most fistula-in-ano in females were low and anteriorly based. Despite the different characteristics of fistula-in-ano; no significant differences in the rates of fistula recurrence and fecal incontinence between males and females could be recorded.

A new series of benzazole, thiazolidinone and azetidin-2-one derivatives incorporating to pyrazole moiety were synthesized by condensation of 1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxaldehyde with different nucleophiles. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectral methods. Some of these compounds were evaluated for their anti-hyperglycemic and renoprotective activities. Three compounds showed remarkable anti-diabetic potency, whereas other five compounds showed significant renoprotective activity.